RESUMO
El objetivo del control de plagas urbanas es la mejora del bienestar de los residentes urbanos, la reducción de las enfermedades transmisibles, el mantenimiento de ambientes sanos, la creación de infraestructuras urbanas que reduzcan los riesgos, así como la reducción de la exposición a contaminantes biológicos, físicos y químicos y de sus efectos sobre la salud en el ambiente laboral y en la comunidad. En este sentido, y en relación con el control de plagas, es necesario diseñar programas de control adecuados contra aquellas especies que adquieren la consideración de plaga. Dadas las características de los ambientes urbanos en los que se produce una convivencia casi permanente entre el ser humano y estas especies animales, la adopción de un programa de lucha racional que permita reducir o eliminar la incidencia de estas plagas resulta imprescindible. Se analizan los criterios básicos para el diseño racional de programas de control que minimicen no sólo las consecuencias negativas que se derivan de las plagas, sino también los riesgos derivados de la aplicación de medidas para su control
The objectives of urban pest control are those of improving the welfare of urban residents, reducing contagious diseases, keeping healthy environments, creating urban infrastructures which will reduce risks, as well as reducing exposure to biological, physical and chemical contaminants and their health-related effects in the working and community environments. Given the characteristics of the urban environments in which these animal species and man almost constantly are sharing the same living space, it is absolutely essential that a rational control program be adopted to combat these pests which will make it possible to reduce or eliminate the incidence thereof. An analysis of the basic criteria for the rational design of control programs is provided in order to minimize not only the negative consequences stemming from these pests but also the risks entailed in the application of the measures for their control
Assuntos
Humanos , Controle de Pragas/métodos , Planejamento Ambiental/tendências , Saúde Ambiental/tendências , Saneamento UrbanoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The recent transposition of the Biocides Directive by means of Royal Decree 1054/2002 involves a substantial change in different Environmental Health-related aspects. To assess the impact of these changes, an analysis of the current situation is provided, based on which the consequences of the implementation of this Directive in Spain may be assessed, in addition to setting out the main aspects which must be analyzed with a view to a Biocides Registry being put into place in accordance with the aforementioned Royal Decree. METHODS: The analysis was made based on the data included in the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs related to aerosol insect sprays registered for Household Use. Aerosols were chosen as a result of their being the type most numerous on the market for household use. RESULTS: The formulation of these aerosols includes 25 insecticides, 1 disinfectant and 2 synergizers. A majority of the 298 aerosol insect sprays include some pyretroid in their composition, by itself or combined with some other insecticide, disinfectant and/or synergizing compound. Most of these biocides are a mixture of active substances. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the analysis made, the need of setting out new procedures for assessing the effectiveness of the formulas prepared for the use in question (design of standardized testing protocols, assessment of effectiveness on the different pest species, the effect of the mixture of active ingredients, safety timeframes, ...), in addition to the aspects related to toxicology; ecotoxicology or physicochemical characteristics.
Assuntos
Aerossóis , Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Substâncias Perigosas/efeitos adversos , Repelentes de Insetos/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Inseticidas/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , EspanhaRESUMO
Fundamentos: La reciente transposición de la Directiva de Biocidas a través del Real Decreto 1.054/2002 conllevará un cambio sustancial en distintos aspectos de la Sanidad Ambiental. Para evaluar la incidencia de estos cambios se presenta un análisis de la situación actual, a partir del cual se podrán valorar adecuadamente las consecuencias de la implantación de la Directiva en España, así como establecer los aspectos básicos que se deben analizar con vistas al establecimiento de un Registro de Biocidas acorde con dicho Real Decreto. Métodos: El análisis se ha efectuado a partir de los datos que figuran en la base de datos del Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo sobre los insecticidas registrados para Uso Doméstico presentados como aerosol. La elección de los aerosoles se ha realizado por tratarse del tipo de formulación más numerosa y utilizada para uso doméstico. Resultados: En la formulación de estos aerosoles intervienen 25 insecticidas, 1 desinfectante y 2 sinergizantes. La mayoría de los 298 aerosoles insecticidas presentan algún piretroide en su composición, sólo o en combinación con algún otro compuesto insecticida, desinfectante y/o sinergizante. La mayoría de estos biocidas son mezcla de sustancias activas. Conclusiones: Del análisis realizado se deduce la necesidad de definir nuevos procedimientos de evaluación de la eficacia de los formulados preparados para el uso (diseño de protocolos de ensayo estandarizados, evaluación de la eficacia sobre las distintas especies plaga, efecto de la mezcla de materias activas, plazos de seguridad,...), además de los aspectos referentes a la toxicología, ecotoxicología o características físico-químicas (AU)
Background: The recent transposition of the Biocides Directive by means of Royal Decree 1054/2002 involves a substantial change in different Environmental Health-related aspects. To assess the impact of these changes, an analysis of the current situation is provided, based on which the consequences of the implementation of this Directive in Spain may be assessed, in addition to setting out the main aspects which must be analyzed with a view to a Biocides Registry being put into place in accordance with the aforementioned Royal Decree. Methods: The analysis was made based on the data included in the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs related to aerosol insect sprays registered for Household Use. Aerosols were chosen as a result of their being the type most numerous on the market for household use. Results: The formulation of these aerosols includes 25 insecticides, 1 disinfectant and 2 synergizers. A majority of the 298 aerosol insect sprays include some pyretroid in their composition, by itself or combined with some other insecticide, disinfectant and/or synergizing compound. Most of these biocides are a mixture of active substances. Conclusions: Based on the analysis made, the need of setting out new procedures for assessing the effectiveness of the formulas prepared for the use in question (design of standardized testing protocols, assessment of effectiveness on the different pest species, the effect of the mixture of active ingredients, safety timeframes, ...), in addition to the aspects related to toxicology, ecotoxicology or physicochemical characteristics (AU)
